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Modern electronics gadgets employ the use of printed circuit boards as the most crucial component that has ensured that they perform effectively. Without the use of them, it is very difficult to achieve a better functioning electronic device. When you have compact and more durable printed circuit boards, you do not make your electronics devices heavy. Have a look at 98% of the hight-current systems available in the market and you will not miss an aspest of PCBs in them. From smartphones and tablets to 3D printing devices, they all have a printed circuit board in place.The printed circuit boards have traces and vias that make the interconnection of the components successful. Copper is the most employed element that ensures that the interconnection is achieved perfectly. Copper plays a great role in ensuring that the PCB can transfer signals from one component to the other. In this article we are going to have a longer discussion about this copper especially heavy copper soldered PCBs an...

Flex PCB is a patterned arrangement of printed circuits and components that makes use of flexible base material with or without a flexible cover layer. It can be bent, wound, folded freely, and withstand millions of dynamic bending without damaging the circuit. Flex PCBs are characterized by being soft, thin, and bendable. But they will be difficult to handle when certain thickness and hardness are required for component mounting and connection. Stiffeners are particularly used to reinforce a specific area of flexible circuitry. Benefits of Stiffener Stiffeners are attached to flexible boards for a variety of purposes. They are not a part of electricity circuitry but only provide mechanical support for the Flex PCBs. There are mainly two purposes as follows. 1. Improve the harness of the connection terminalsWhen the connectors are placed on the flex PCBs, the pads are easy to fall off after multiple insertions. The stiffener provides a certain degree of hardness and wo...

Electronic devices are composed of separate components with different functions. By sodering these components to the printed circuit board and forming electrical connections, we can build many kinds of electronics products. Surface-mount technology (SMT) prevails worldwide in the PCB assembly process. Apart from the bare board and components, there are many important raw materials used in SMT assembly, and solder paste is one of them. The quality of the solder paste directly affects the soldering quality of the PCB and even the quality of the entire board, which has a significant impact on the reliability and service life of the final products. What is solder paste?Solder paste is used to solder electronic parts on the circuit board. It is one of the important materials indispensable to the progress of modern technology, which contributed to the miniaturization of Todays electronic devices. Solder paste is similar in shape to the toothpaste we use every day. It can stick the ...

Amplifiers ICs Amplifiers ICs are compact packages composed of active and passive devices that boost the voltage or current levels of a signal. The active components include transistors and three-terminal semiconductor devices that are capable of current gain, where a small change in current will produce a proportional change in the amplifier ICs output. The amplifier ICs receive the output of the digital-to-analog converter. This output is fed to another amplifier ICs until the power level is sufficient to drive the speaker. In some applications, matched transistors are required to produce maximum high-fidelity input signal reproduction. The advancement of amplifier ICs is the result of attempts to reduce the weight and space requirements for fixed and portable electronics and equipment. Home computers with sound cards and amplifiers ICs are very popular for multimedia applications. Various electronic devices such as cellular telephones and digital devices such as computers also u...

I/O Connectors I/O, the abbreviation of input/output, refers to input and output ports. Each device has a dedicated I/O address to handle its own input and output information. An I/O Connector is an electrical connector providing secure electrical contact and smooth cable insertion/extraction for electronic data communication. It features a variety of orientation options, as well as PCB and cable mount offerings. I/O connectors are easy to install without requiring wire termination and soldering process. An I/O connector contains terminal blocks with contacts. The terminals feature copper alloy contacts that increase conductivity and ensure a highly reliable connection function. A latching mechanism prevents the cable from being pulled out of the micro I/O connector. The main advantage of I/O connectors is space-saving. They are used in industrial communication systems, and motion and drive applications. Its durability and locking construction make it suitable for applicati...

Sensors A sensor is a detection device that measures a physical property and transforms the sensed information into electrical signals or other required forms of information output. The information detected could be light, heat, magnetism, sound, motion, moisture, pressure, or any other physical stimulus. A sensor is generally composed of four parts: a sensitive component, a conversion component, a conversion circuit, and an auxiliary power supply. The sensitive component detects the measured object and outputs a physical quantity signal that has a definite relationship with the measured object while the conversion component converts the physical quantity signal into electrical signals that will be amplified and modulated by the conversion circuit. The conversion component and the conversion circuit require auxiliary power supply in some cases. The advancement of sensors allows an object to see, feel, hear, smell, and even taste. With the characteristics of miniaturization, d...

Relay (K)A relay is an electrical control device that has an interactive relationship between the control system (input loop) and the controlled system ( output loop). Its working principle is using one circuit (usually with a small current) to control another circuit (usually with a larger current). The electromagnetic effect takes place during this process to control the mechanical contact and achieve the "on" or "off" of a circuit. Although the structure of relays is different, they are composed of the following three parts: 1. Induction mechanism (receiving input signal): It can reflect certain input variables such as current, voltage, power, impedance, frequency, temperature, pressure, speed, light, etc.).2. Comparison mechanism (providing comparison amount): Between the input part and the output part of the relay, there is an intermediate mechanism (driving part) that couples and isolates the input amount, processes the function, and drives the output part.3. Operating mechan...

Logic ICs A logic IC is a semiconductor device that performs basic logic operations on one or more digital input signals to produce a digital output signal, which is able to handle very complex control and arithmetic problems. Logic ICs can be mainly divided into two categories: fixed logic devices and programmable logic devices. As the name suggests, circuits in fixed logic devices are permanent, which perform a function or set of functions that cannot be changed once manufactured. Programmable logic devices, on the other hand, are standard off-the-shelf parts that offer customers a wide variety of logic capabilities, features, speeds and voltage characteristics. Such devices can be changed at any time to perform different functions. The two main types of programmable logic devices are Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and Complex Programmable Logic Devices (CPLDs). Of these two types, FPGAs offer the highest logic density, richest features, and highest performance. The la...

Diodes&Rectifiers A diode is an electronic device made of semiconductor materials such as silicon, selenium, germanium, etc. The primary function of diodes is to allow the electric current to flow in only one direction. Current can flow from the anode (+) terminal to the cathode (-) terminal, and vice versa. This is achieved by having infinite resistance in one direction and zero resistance in the other direction. One of the most popular diodes is LEDs which are used to emit light. The rectifier is a type of diode used to convert alternating current to direct current, which has the characteristics of high voltage and high current. It usually consists of a p-n junction formed by a P-type semiconductor and an N-type semiconductor, with positive and negative terminals. The rectifier diode has a large current, and most of the diodes are packaged with surface contact materials. When selecting a rectifier diode, parameters such as its maximum rectifier current, maximum reverse working ...

Figure 1 HDI PCB from PCBGOGOHello everyone and welcome to this article which will be an ultimate guide to the understanding of the HDI PCBs. HDI stands for High Density printed circuit boards. The introduction of HDI types of boards has revolutionized the electronic products industry by the fact that companies have gotten a chance to build portable and miniature devices that you see around which include, smartphones, headphones, tablets, and many others. Apart from the production of smaller devices, the quality and functionality of these devices have been retained making HDI technology best suited for the modern electronic industry. Let us walk together through this article to learn more about the HDI types of printed circuit boards.Definition of HDI PCBsAs I stated earlier HDI is an abbreviation of High-Density Interconnector. This is defined as a type of printed circuit board with the presence of a very large number of electrical connections when compared with the standard forms. Yo...